As one of primary microplastics and non-exhaust emission pollutants, tire wear particles (TWPs) in the environment can potentially cause ecological risks and environmental health. In this study, driving school grounds in a coastal city (Xiamen, China）were used as a case study to ascertain an appropriate and reliable method to determine TWPs levels based on a comprehensive comparison between different analytical results using styrene butadiene rubber (SBR), N-(1,3-dimethylbutyl)-N'-phenyl-p-phenylenediamine (6PPD), and zinc (Zn) as analytical markers. In addition, through lead isotopic analysis (LIA) and positive matrix factorization (PMF), we identified source contributions of heavy metals (HMs) and N-(1,3-dimethylbutyl)-N′ -phenyl-p-phenylenediamine (6PPD) from TRWPs and assessed their related potenital risks on driving school grounds. Accordingly, our findings highlight the importance of accurately determining TWPs content within specific environments while comprehensively exploring associated patterns of change to better understand the environmental risks.

analytical marker,tire wear particle,6ppd,Lead isotope