Nanobubbles, defined as gas bubbles with a diameter less than 200 nm in aqueous solutions1, have emerged as a versatile tool with a wide range of applications, including precision diagnostics2–4 and environmental remediation5,6. In the medical field, laser-induced vapor nanobubbles can be created on the surface of nanoparticles to enable ballistic transport for cancer treatment7,8. Meanwhile, the roughness9 and hydrophobicity of the surface structure in the microdevice heat transfer system can stabilise the nanobubbles10 and improve the nucleation efficiency. Recent studies have investigated the behavior and properties of nanobubbles during various processes. In spite of considerable research, the stability of bulk nanobubbles remains a subject of controversy. Using molecular dynamics simulations, we investigated the process of individual nanobubbles formation, dissolution, and stabilization. Our findings demonstrate that the thermodynamic equilibrium between the bubble and the surrounding liquid is critical for gas diffusion in nanobubbles. We analyzed radial density, pressure, and charge distributions to evaluate the effect of nanobubbles size on bulk nanobubbles stability. Our study provides insights into the underlying mechanisms that enhance the stability of bulk nanobubbles and advances our understanding of their potential applications.
 

nanobubbles, molecular dynamics, Thermodynamic stability, Bubble dynamics